Preface xvi
About the Editors xviii
List of Contributors xix
Part A Introduction 1
Introduction 3
Sandip Nandi and Dalia Nandi
A. Optical Communication Networks 3
A.1 Historical Perspective 3
A.2 Essential Background 6
A.2.1 Optical Networks 6
A.2.2 SONET/SDH 6
A.2.3 Multiplexing 7
A.2.4 All-Optical Networks 7
A.2.5 Optical Transport Network 8
B. Optical Switching in Networks 8
B.1 Historical Perspective 8
B.2 Essential Background 9
B.2.1 Optical Switching in Networks 9
B.2.2 Optical Switching in Practice 9
B.2.3 Optical Switch Technology 10
C. Organization of This Book 10
Bibliography 11
Part B Switch Characterization 13
1 Optical Switches 15
Rajan Agrahari, Sambit Kumar Ghosh, and Somak Bhattacharyya
1.1 Introduction 15
1.2 Electro-Optical Switching 16
1.2.1 Working Principle of Electro-Optical Switches 16
1.2.2 Realization of Electro-Optical Switches 17
1.3 Acoustic-Optical Switching 18
1.3.1 Types of Acoustic-Optical Switching 18
1.3.2 Acoustic-Optical Device Materials and Applications 19
1.4 Thermo-Optical Switching 19
1.4.1 Working Principle of Thermo-Optical Switches 20
1.4.2 Realization of Thermo-Optical Switches 20
1.4.3 Thermo-Optical Switch Materials and Applications 21
1.5 Liquid Crystal-Optical Switching 21
1.5.1 Types of Liquid Crystal-Optical Switches 21
1.5.2 Liquid Crystal-Optical Switch Applications 22
1.6 Photonic Crystal Optical Switching 22
1.7 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) Optical Switching 23
1.8 Magneto-Optical (MO) Optical Switching 25
1.9 Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Optical Switching 25
1.10 Metasurfaces Switches 26
1.11 Conclusion 26
Bibliography 27
2 Electro-Optic Switches 31
Arpita Adhikari, Joydip Sengupta, and Arijit De
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Operating Principles 32
2.2.1 Operating Principles of the Single-Mode Switch 32
2.2.2 Operating Principles of the Multimode Switch 32
2.3 Materials for the Fabrication of Electro-Optic Switch 34
2.3.1 Ferroelectric Materials 34
2.3.2 Compound Semiconductors 35
2.3.3 Polymers 35
2.4 Device Structures of Electro-Optical Switches 36
2.4.1 1 × 1 Switch 36
2.4.2 1 × 2 Switch 37
2.4.3 2 × 2 Switch 39
2.4.4 2 × 3 Switch 40
2.4.5 3 × 2 Switch 41
2.4.6 3 × 3 Switch 42
2.4.7 1 × 4 Switch 42
2.4.8 2 × 4 Switch 43
2.5 Conclusions 43
Bibliography 44
3 Thermo-Optical Switches 47
Fulong Yan, Xuwei Xue, and Chongjin Xie
3.1 History of Thermal Optical Switching 47
3.2 Principles of Thermo-Optic Switch 47
3.2.1 Thermo-Optic Effect 47
3.2.2 Trade-Off Between Switching Time and Power Consumption 48
3.2.3 Merits of Thermo-Optic Switch 49
3.3 Category 49
3.3.1 Material 49
3.3.2 Implementation Principle 51
3.3.3 Device Architecture 51
3.4 Scalability 52
3.4.1 Binary Tree 52
3.4.2 Modified Crossbar 53
3.4.3 Benes 54
3.5 Application Scenarios 54
Bibliography 55
4 Magneto-Optical Switches 57
K. Sujatha
4.1 Introduction 57
4.1.1 Types of Optical Switch 57
4.1.2 How Does an Optical Switch Work? 59
4.1.3 Applications of Optical Switches 59
4.2 All-Optical Switch 60
4.2.1 Why is an All-Optical Switch Useful? 62
4.3 Magneto-Optical Switches 64
4.3.1 Magneto-Optical Switch Features 64
4.3.2 Principles of Magneto-Optical Switches 65
4.3.2.1 The Design Core of the Magneto-Optical Switch 65
